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Table of Contents

1. Introduction
   1. Complex Safety-Critical Systems
   2. Dealing with Failures: A Short History of Safety Engineering
   3. The Role of Formal Methods
   4. A Case Study: Three Mile Island
   5. References
2. Dependability, Reliability, and Safety Assessment
   1. Concepts
   2. Classification of Faults
   3. Fault Models
   4. Managing Faults
   5. Fault Detection
   6. Fault Prediction
   7. Fault Tolerance
   8. Fault Coverage
   9. Reliability Modeling
   10. System Reliability
3. Techniques for Safety Assessment
   1. Hazard Analysis
   2. Risk Analysis
   3. Risk Measures
4. Development of Safety-Critical Applications
   1. What Makes a System Complex
   2. What Makes the Development Complex
   3. Measuring the Impact of Complexity
   4. From System to Process
   5. A General Development Framework
   6. Development Workflow
   7. Testing Workflow
   8. Safety Assessment Workflow
   9. Certification Management Workflow
   10. Project Management Workflow
   11. Tool Support
   12. Improving the Process: Maturity Models
5. Formal Methods for Safety Assessment
   1. Advantages of Formal Methods
   2. Formal Methods in the Development Process
   3. Problems and Limitations
   4. History of Formal Methods
   5. Formal Models and Specification
   6. Formal Methods for Verification and Validation
   7. Formal Safety Analysis
   8. Industrial Applications of Formal Methods
   9. Conclusions and Future Directions
6. Formal Methods for Certification
   1. Certification of Avionic Systems
   2. So Many Standards, So Little Time
   3. The ECSS System of Standards
   4. Avionics Reference Standards
   5. ARP 4754
   6. ARP 4761
   7. DO-178B
   8. The Case for the Safety Case
   9. Formal Methods and Certification
   10. References
7. Appendices
   1. The NuSMV Model Checker
   2. The FSAP Safety Analysis Platform
   3. Some Regulatory Bodies and Regulations
8. Index